New York City Fighting Influenza :: Journalism Influenza Health Essays

New York City Fighting Influenza New York City's general wellbeing authorities are spearheading a program to lessen the spread of the flu pestilence that hit the city more than one month prior. The city's way to deal with sickness control is not normal for that of some other city in the country and has been met with much analysis and dread for the lives of New Yorkers. The city's Health Commissioner, Dr. Illustrious S. Copeland, has would not close schools, theaters, houses of worship, and places of open entertainment in spite of numerous solicitations to do as such from conspicuous individuals from the administration's clinical network. General wellbeing authorities in Philadelphia, Washington, Boston, and Baltimore have taken such measures to diminish swarming - a known reason for the spread of infection. Be that as it may, as per Copeland, shutting spots of open delight doesn't really decrease the occasion of physical contact among residents. Or maybe, it dislodges it and causes alarm. (Be that as it may, he advises against going to ballrooms.) In protecting his situation to keep schools open, Dr. Copeland remarked, Presently how much better it has been to have those youngsters under the consistent perception of qualified people than to close the schools, let the kids run the lanes and collect when and where they would and on the off chance that they get flu to let them get it under states of which the Health Department had no information and in which it was not set up from the begin to manage the circumstance in the most ideal manner. Copeland proceeded to clarify that the kids are reviewed from the beginning of the day and the individuals who have side effects are either sent home or to an emergency clinic, contingent upon the caretaking states of their homes. Copeland likewise acc epts that the schools fill in as spots of training about the plague for kids who may likewise convey the data back to their folks. In light of this methodology, previous Health Commissioner, Dr. S. S. Goldwater, has reported that Copeland's arrangement is fizzling to the detriment of people in general. He said that the measures to reject wiped out kids from school are heartbreakingly feeble and that there is practically criminal laxity for doing instruction on the pestilence. Goldwater is at present attempting to get schools and theaters requested shut to maintain a strategic distance from the risks that swarming brings. Yet, Copeland's first concerns are ventilation, sanitation, and training. In this manner, theaters are utilized as focuses of training and should stay open.

Expectations of Customers and Management-Perceptions Gap Assignment - 2

Desires for Customers and Management-Perceptions Gap - Assignment Example Along these lines, it is significant for an association to do what's necessary research on what the clients expect and later execute as indicated by the appeal in the market. The organization ought to likewise rehearse the concentrated sort of association since it is simpler to be actualized. Meeting the right desires is generally a significant assignment, however not sufficient to accomplish predominant quality help. The exhibition standard is significant for improving high assistance quality items (India, 1968). The scone association appears not to meet client desire since they think about their desires as preposterous, the requests of clients are on occasion hard to be anticipated, and ultimately, a few associations are unbendable in the manner in which it works. A few elements have added to the disappointment of meeting the administration quality. These are the nearness of deficient administration among the representatives, which lessens the administration quality. Absence of normalization of extraordinary situations where hard and delicate duplicates of innovation are utilized to normalize the administrations. They work with much laxity since they have no objective to meet in places where the association neglects to make objectives. In conclusion, is the impression of intangibility, with the end goal that directors do accept that the customers’ needs can be met (India, 1968). This ought to be changed with the goal that the organization would improve its administration and administration conveyance. A portion of the components that have brought about this hole incorporate; the laborers are not qualified, utilization of poor innovation, equivocal representatives who consistently have clashes among themselves and unseemly administrative control frameworks. For productive work, the merchandise in addition to the fact that they should meet the customers’ desires, yet ought to likewise be supported with sufficient and suitable assets (India, 1968). The standard of good ought to be guaranteed to be powerful this can be upgraded by guaranteeing that the representatives are estimated and repaid relying upon the premise of their exhibition. The executives ought to likewise have normalized mechanical devices and qualified representatives for them to meet their goals.â

The Brave New World of Spec Fic Magazines A Primer

The Brave New World of Spec Fic Magazines A Primer Speculative fiction is a vibrant field with a lot of exciting stuff written by genre veterans as well as up and coming writers. When I first tried dipping my toe into the genre, Ive found myself a little intimidated by all the available titles, not to mention the various mediums where this type of fiction is available. SFF magazines in particular can be a little bit daunting. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America lists 26 magazines that qualify as professional-rated, and that doesnt even consider the scores of semi-pro and non-paying publications. But Im about to hook you up with recommendations for short fiction that are available for free online. Folks who dont enjoy reading using the computer screen can also purchase digital versions (save for one that is completely web-centric) and you can even subscribe digitally or in print form. My advice is to choose one or two publications for browsing, take note of the authors you enjoy, then look up the website to see where else theyve been published. What I tend to do is save the pages using the Pocket app and blaze through them when Im spinning my wheels and I dont feel like reading longer works. Here is my list of tried and true magazines. Many of them focus on certain genres like fantasy, adventure, or horror but in my experience, they dont tend to get too rigid about what is expected of specific categories and have great overall appeal. Tor.com Lets address the giant, unhappy elephant in the room. When I started building this primer early in June, I automatically rounded up some of my favorite short stories published on the Tor website, acquired by keen editors such as Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Ellen Datlow and Anne Vandermeer. I was going to talk about how each story is paired with some of the most arresting artwork in the genre, thanks in large part to the art direction by Irene Gallo. That was before Tor publisher Tom Doherty proceeded to throw Irene Gallo under the bus, succumbing to an extended campaign by so-called Sad Puppies and Rabid Puppies, whose reason for existence is their opposition to the fact that more people of color, LGBTQ+ people, and women are taking up space in the SFF landscape. Rioter Brenna Clark Gray goes more in-depth with this story. This is not the recommendation I had wanted to write. Some who are appalled by these developments are disavowing support for Tor, since it is an institution that would rather appease genre reactionaries than support their own employees who are doing vital work. This is a valid response.  But Tor (both the website and the publishing house) is also home to stories that Irene Gallo and other people like her are working hard to champion, the very voices that the Puppy Industrial Complex are saying should not be recognized by the Hugos or the Nebulas. It is your prerogative to not give Tor any of your money or your clicks, but I urge you to take note of these names, all of whom I first encountered through this publication: The Water That Falls on You from Nowhere by John Chu At turns poignant, hilarious, and heartbreaking, this is a specimen of mundane speculative fiction written by one of the most acute feelings writers in the genre. Anyway: Angie by Daniel José Older A story dripping with attitude, swagger, and some gore, told through the eyes of a bodyguard trying to bury a broken heart in her work. Except that her work involves old loves and supernatural roaches. Thirteen Steps in the Underworld by Su-Yee Lin Im a sucker for a good old Orpheus in the underworld reimagining, and Lin uses a novel format here that highlights the emotional heft of the story. The Devil in America by Kai Ashante Wilson If youre going to try a single story from this recommendation post, make it this one. A harrowing horror story for more reasons than the supernatural ones, centered around an African-American family a few years after the Civil War. Clarkesworld Ive probably read more stories from Clarkesworld than from any other SFF publication. Part of it is because they used to only publish two short stories a month, making it easy to keep up. But even now that theyve expanded to accommodate four stories and several essays, they are still the one magazine that Ill consistently look at. Something about the publications aesthetic really appeals to me in a way thats hard to articulate. Explicit stories are contrasted with whimsical and broody ones, showing you the breadth of possibilities in speculative fiction. A Buyers Guide to Maps of Antarctica by Catherynne M. Valente This is probably in the top five of my favorite short stories of all time. Who wouldve thought an auctioneers catalog could be so riveting? From the Lost Diary of TreeFrog7 by Nnedi Okorafor This story has echoes of the movie Alien, told in a series of journal transcripts. I highly encourage you to try the audio recordings for this one, it adds a lot of tension and depth to the story. Tying Knots by Ken Liu A great (and slightly infuriating) piece of near future science fiction about the things we value and take from people in the margins. 86, 87, 88, 89 by Genevieve Valentine What starts out as a cleanup and archiving effort turns into a disquieting look at how a society can be complicit in its own subjugation. Apex Magazine Blessed Are the Hungry by Victor Fernando R. Ocampo A story about a highly stratified society contained in a starship on its way to a new galaxy. The Rapid Advance of Sorrow by Theodora Goss The Snow Queen retold through the lens of a city succumbing to totalitarianism. Body Language by Mary Robinette Kowal A delightful futuristic crime story involving a puppeteer who inadvertently gets involved in a kidnapping investigation. Strange Horizons Difference of Opinion by Meda Kahn A wrenching SF story positing that even love may not be enough to truly connect. Selkie Stories Are For Losers by Sofia Samatar I find selkie stories creepy yet compelling, and Samatar does a great job dissecting this folk tales implication when it comes to womens agency. LAquilone du Estrellas (Kite of Stars) by Dean Francis Alfar A straight up fantastical story about working for love and the endpoint of journeys. This is the first story that first prompted me to look at short stories published online, and Ive never looked back. Beneath Ceaseless Skies Master Hadjs Sunset Ride by Saladin Ahmed A Western with a tremendous first-person voice, about Muslim bounty hunters encountering the undead. We Were Once of the Sky by Yoseff Lindell Alternate history depicting a society where aliens are living with the human population during the reign of the Black Plague. No Sweeter Art by Tony Pi This is a rollicking adventure story about a wizard that works primarily through the medium of candy. Yup. Lightspeed (Lightspeeds most recent issue is titled Queers Destroy Science Fiction! and if that doesnt make you want to read it, I dont know what to tell you.) ???? (Influence Isolated, Make Peace) by John Chu Another amazing story from John Chu, this time about supersoldiers, game theory, and Go. The Knight of Chain, the Deuce of Stars by Yoon Ha Lee I obviously have a thing for games in a science fiction setting. This one is told with a backdrop of galactic conflict barely explained, told in poetic, achingly abstract language. Herd Immunity by Tananarive Due Just when you think the subgenre of plague apocalypses has nothing more to offer, you get this great story about a woman you cant help but root for. Nightmare Magazine Have You Heard the One About Anamaria Marquez? by Isabel Yap I studied at an all-girls Catholic school in the Philippines, and believe me when I say that Isabel Yap has the setting and the urban legends down pat. Happily there were less hauntings in my high school experience. Ishq by Usman T. Malik Though primarily a horror publication, I really appreciate how Nightmare Mag consistently chooses stories that have stark human emotions at the center of them. This is a prime example. Raphael by Stephen Graham Jones This story has shade of Stephen Kings IT, about a group of friends and the single thoughtless act that devastates them and their families. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy.

African-American Playwrights

Essay on The Theme of Hypocrisy in The Catcher In The Rye

The Theme of Hypocrisy in The Catcher In The Rye nbsp; nbsp; In the novel The Catcher In The Rye, the protagonist Holden Caulfield views his surroundings with hypocrisy and contempt in an attempt to avoid the corruption of adulthood. Holden places himself above the crowd because he believes everyone acts phony. In the process, Caulfield reveals his true problem: his refusal to change. nbsp; Holden fears adulthood because it brings responsibilities and trouble. He believes all adults possess an aurora of phoniness. His disgust of everyone around him reveals his fear of growing up. Holden exhibits insecurity, so to make himself feel better, he exercises the power to condemn people for the way they behave. Holden†¦show more content†¦The trouble is, you wouldnt (Salinger 172). Because the aging process is inevitable, Holden abhors the idea of growing up and becoming a phony himself. nbsp; Change is inevitable and is a constant phase that Holden cannot conceptualize. Holdens fear of change can be exemplified by the Museum of Natural History. Like the museum, he wants everything to be unchanging and as simple as possible. He talks about the immutable statues by saying, Certain things they should stay the way they are... I know its impossible, but its too bad anyway (Salinger 122). By admitting his fear of change, Holden also reveals another important aspect of his life: his loss of childhood innocence. The only thing he can talk about without contempt is kids. Allie, his deceased brother, is continuously mentioned in the book, as well as the many interactions Holden has with Phoebe. Although he is continuously deriding others around him, he humbly admits to his sister that the only thing he could envision doing is saving kids, What I have to do - I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff [...] Id just be the catcher in the rye and all. I k now its crazy, but thats the only thing Id like to be (Salinger 173). Holdens love for kids is the onlyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye 1080 Words   |  5 Pagessociety has left them believing hypocrisy is a trait carried through many, and thus falsely believing they are exempt from it. Hypocrisy is viewed as the process of stating moral standards or beliefs in which one self does not follow. Although both characters are seen with this theme, it’s not the only one present. In the book The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and the movie Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers hypocrisy, self-Isolation and the deception of adult-hood are themes that re-illiterate the comingRead MoreTheme Of The Catcher In The Rye976 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger there are several different themes portrayed that widely relate to current issues of teenagers and adults alike. While reading the novel several different them es were revealed creating a deep and meaningful story line. Three themes viewed within the novel are; the phoniness of the adult world, alienation as a form of self-protection, and the painfulness of growing up. Each of these themes have large significance in character and plot developmentRead MoreThe Themes of The Catcher in the Rye840 Words   |  3 PagesConsidered one of the best novels of the 20th century, The Catcher in the Rye has affected readers around the globe since its publication in 1951. Its contemporary critics, however, gave the novel mixed reviews. Compared to the ideals of 1950s America, Holden Caulfield, the emotionally immature, extremely judgmental, teen-aged main character of â€Å"Catcher,† embodies the antithesis. Holden was an affront to the new social order, which demanded conformity and propagated the â€Å"father knows best† mentalityRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Word Choice795 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Word Choice in The Catcher in the Rye By Tom Condon Word choice is a crucial element in a well-crafted story. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is about a 16-year-old in New York in the 1950s named Holden Caulfield. The book is about his exploration in the world as he suffers from severe mental trauma from his point of view. J.D. Salinger uses word choice for realism, theme, and depth of character to make the story relate to the reader and add dimension. The Catcher in Rye contains many distinctRead More Deceitfulness in The Scarlet Letter and The Catcher in the Rye2027 Words   |  9 PagesThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, both are books relating to the alienation of an individual wanting to fit into society. In the Scarlet Letter, the protagonists, Hester Prynne and Reverend Dimmesdale have committed adultery which is a sin unacceptable in the Puritan Society. Hester is married to Chillingworth, the strange doctor who is out for revenge. Pearl is born to Hester, as an o utcome of their sin however Hester does not reveal who theRead MoreAnalysis of A Catcher In the Ryes Holden Caulfield: Enemy of Himself1686 Words   |  7 PagesJerome David Salinger’s only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is based on the life events shaping main character, Holden Caulfield, into the troubled teen that is telling the story in 1950. The theme of the story is one of emotional disconnection felt by the alienated teenagers of this time period. The quote, â€Å" I didn’t know anyone there that was splendid and clear thinking and all† (Salinger 4) sets the tone that Holden cannot find a connection with anyone around him and that he is on a lonely endeavorRead MoreThe Freedom Of Speech Through The First Amendment Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger published in 1951. The Catcher in the Rye is about Holden Caulfield’s life as a 16-year-old recluse in New York City trying to find his way in life and his rebell ion against the norm (Salinger). The book is the seventh most challenged or banned book in school systems and libraries because of Unorthodox Language/Profanity, Atheism/Disdain for Religion, and Sexual Promiscuity/Homosexuality (Frangedis). The point of view used in The Catcher in the Rye is inRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Essay example1672 Words   |  7 PagesLooking In Despite the debate that may wage on regarding the status to be afforded J. D. Salingers writings, the authors books have not quietly faded into obscurity. Although published almost a half-century ago, the authors most famous work, Catcher in the Rye, enjoys almost as healthy and devoted a following today as the book did when it was first published. Because of a self-imposed exile that began almost at the same time the Salingers career was just taking off, much of the substance of theRead More Catcher In The Rye- Movie Proposal Essay examples1538 Words   |  7 Pages Movie Proposal: The Catcher in the Rye To the Producer: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Catcher in the Rye, a contemporary novel by J.D. Salinger, is a thought-provoking, fascinating look at society’s values and issues in the 1950’s. This book would make an excellent transition to film because it is full of both action and implication. It focuses on a four-day period of time in the life of a sixteen-year-old cynic with emotional problems. The book follows Holden CaulfieldRead More The Adolescent Crisis of The Catcher in the Rye Essays2746 Words   |  11 PagesThe Adolescent Crisis of The Catcher in the Rye Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is valid, realistic, representation of the adolescent world. The book is about adolescent crisis. The main character, Holden, runs away from his expensive school because he is an academic failure and finds intolerable the company of so many phoneys. Holden is a rangy sixteen year old who has grown too fast. Girls are on his mind. Whenever girls do something pretty, even if theyre ugly or stupid

Virtual Reality In Theatre Spaces Free Essays

This dissertation will explore the effects of virtual reality in theatre spaces and how it effects people’s perception and experience about space and how the technology has advanced in past years.With the advancements in technology,the experience in theatre spaces has become hyper real thereby allowing people to perceive spaces in a different way. The concept of virtual reality can be introduced in film festivals by assessing the possible effects and influences that the VR might have on people and movie experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Reality In Theatre Spaces or any similar topic only for you Order Now This dissertation will also focus on how the movie experience changes by immersing yourself in the movie cutting you off from the people and surrounding,there by understanding the problems and challenges faced by people using surveys and questionnaires. INTRODUCTION Virtual Reality is the computer-generated simulation of a three dimensional image or environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way by a person using special electronic equipment, such as a helmet with a screen inside or gloves fitted with sensors.The technological advancements today have led to various explorations in different fields. The various VR systems available today are Oculus Rift HTC’S VR system with controllers Samsung gear VR Google cardboard Treadmill and haptic gloves VR movie watching is a 360 degree immersive experience where the viewer is at the center of action.As a scene unfolds,viewer has the choice to look in whichever direction he wants and become absorbed in whatever part of the action they choose.In VR cinemas, talking part is designed to be more about the technology and experience rather than the movie.When we watch movies,the action/reaction happens only within the narrative,but VR systems are considered to be linking human intelligence with artificial intelligence thereby engaging the audience. RESEARCH PROBLEM How does introducing virtual reality in theatre spaces change the perception of movie experience and affect the psychology of people and what are the outcomes? AIM : The aim of this research is to study the incorporation of virtual reality spaces in theatre complex and to study the impact on people’s behaviour and how they experience the space. The main idea is also to study on different VR technologies and the application of it in theatre spaces and to understand how virtual reality helps in improving the movie experiences by making it hyper real. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this research is to understand how people perceive such environments and how people cope up with the change in the viewing atmosphere of a movie theatre. To study how the implementation of Virtual Reality technology in theater spaces will have its own reflections on theater design. To understand how the technological advancements have helped in improving the cinematic experience. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: This research will be limited to : Exploration of different virtual reality systems and the scope of it in future. Exploration of proposals of virtual reality Understanding the limitations and challenges of using VR in movies Understanding the psychological impact of VR on people . The study will not be focusing on : Design guidelines Primary Casestudies DATA COLLECTION : HISTORY AND EVOLUTION: Pictures have been used as a medium of communication for thousand years.But the canvas and techniques for drawing them have changed radically. Modern computer graphics have provided for many years,the newest and potentially most expressive media for pictoral communication . Improvements in the power and accessibility of interactive 3D graphic system have recently added a new dimension. By sensing the position and orientation of the human head and coupling the resulting data into a high performance computer graphics system,it is possible to generate a computer synthesized view of a virtual world wherever the user is looking.This is known as VR. CHALLENGES :Virtual Reality is a new concept in cinematic field. While the whole concept of the film festival is to bring people together for screening the movies,introducing virtual reality in the theatre could be a challenging aspect as different people might have different opinion on the concept of virtual reality. The only way to watch a VR film is to put on a headset—imagine a padded scuba-diving mask and a pair of headphones—which cuts you off from everyone and everything around you. In some ways, VR films are the opposite of what film festivals stand for.  The dissertation will focus on exploring more about the possibilities of improving the movie experiences with and without VR technology. It could be argued that in the future the participation might lower to individual contribution rather than a group involvement. Early VR headsets made some users feel nauseous. â€Å"The stereotype of virtul reality is an isolated person sitting alone in a room,their head sealed with a helme.Tribeca immersive programming at the tribeca film festival tries to make VR more tangible and social experience † PROPOSALS FOR VR :The global VR market ,which was valued at about $2 billion last year is expected to reach approximately $27 billion by 2022. Virtual reality isn’t just for gaming anymore. VR movies are becoming mainstream with several Hollywood A-list directors jumping on board with a new approach to storytelling. Virtual Reality cities – Hypatia by Timefire media Virtual reality social networking – Vtime by Starship group. Virtual Reality tours by Chernobyl vrVirtual Reality research by Visualization laboratory. Architecture by Iris Vr. † A prominent project – Hero allows users to move around freely in a simulated syrian neighbourhood.† RESEARCH PAPER AUTHOR SUMMARY Fusion of reality and virtual reality Narin SappakitThe research paper mainly focuses on how digital technology can be implemented between film and architecture.As walls and skin of the building can now become screens, changing the way the building relates and interacts to its context and the way people experience space. How does virtual reality influence cinema ? Exploring a possible future of cinematic environment by Benan DemirThe paper focuses on the new technology of virtual reality on the cinema and how the two may collaborate and converge. It also explores on the existing virtual cinema products and argue how they might converge in future Virtual Reality in Theatre spaces Sherouk Mohamed Shehab El Din Saad Bad The paper focuses on two aspects.Traditional theatre spaces and virtual reality and its impact in theatre spaces.The study is based on creating virtual reality spaces with unlimited design creativity for entertainment and education by using different VR systems.Also by adding new architecture approaches to form spaces that can highly implement Virtual Reality Technology Why virtual reality will change the design forever? Article by Mark Wilson Discusses about the various reasons and the positive sides of vr technology Tribeca film festival How virtual reality is changing the way we experience stage shows? Virtual Reality Movies: VR revolution Article Gabriel ElizondoArticle by The Conversation blog. The wall street journal Talks about how Tribeca Film Festival for the first time, showcases a theatre constructed for cinema-goers to fully experience films in 360 degrees. Discusses about the development f VR in recent years. When virtual reality is used interactively it opens up whole new worlds to be explored. The traditional relationship between space-actor-spectator becomes a space-spectator relationship. The audience is no longer in a passive role. Dramatic action is substituted by a real action, and how it plays out is shaped by the spectators. Talks about how Hollywood is Changing with Vr technology. Viewing VR is starkly different than watching a traditional film: With conventional movies, the director dictates your focus of attention. An aerial view cuts to a medium shot cuts to a close up—giving you no say in what you see. But virtual reality puts you in charge. The headset allows you to observe any aspect of a setting and, in some cases, even affect the way the story unfolds depending on where you look. Advancement of VR in marketing and investment – a digital survey report: â€Å"With investment in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) on the rise, the results of a new survey by global law firm Perkins Coie LLP depict a growing industry that is moving to a greater focus on more practical applications, while facing concerns reflective of an expanding customer base. The survey of startup founders, technology company executives, investors and consultants, released in March 2018, follows the firm’s inaugural AR/VR Surveyreleased in September 2016. † Biggest obstacle for mass adoption of VR technology Literature survey anaysis :Industry insights to the future of VR Gaming was considered as the sector they expected to attract the most investment for the Coming year but wasn’t strong in 2018.with military,movies,among the areas making gains. Most of the respondents said that user experience was the top obstacle for VR because of Heavy headgears cost being the second biggest obstacle . The drop for movies and television could stem from a belief that shorter experiences work better VR. But the drop for live events and the annuncements including the October 2017 announcement that Facebook would use Oculus technology to allow its users to watch live concerts and sports with friends from around the world. â€Å"Overall, the survey shows that those in the industry have strong confidence in the potential of AR and VR. One respondent called this era a formative and experimental phase—one that will create significant rewards for both developers and players in the not-too-distant future.† SURVEY REPORT – QUESTIONNAIRE In a survey conducted among 20 people around 10 people have experienced VR more than 4 times. As the technology is advancing VR people are getting more Familiar with the devices used hence contributing to the Growth of VR industry. According to the survey, only 5% of 20 people haven’t come across the devices used. How to cite Virtual Reality In Theatre Spaces, Papers

Using DNA in Science and Technology free essay sample

DNA is the blueprint for life, it is found in the nucleus of cells on the chromosomes. It is found in many cell organelles, such as plasmids in bacteria, chloroplasts in plants, and mitochondria in both plants and animals. DNA helps us to perform many actions in solving crimes, and also helps us to do scientific studies that were not possible until recently. DNA has a double helix structure, its sugar phosphate backbone, made up of deoxyribose and a phosphate group are held together by hydrogen bonds and base pairs. These bases are adenine and guanine, thymine and cytosine. There are coding and non coding parts of DNA, the non coding part is called an intron, this may not seem to have a function but it helps to keep the structure of the helix by coiling, regulates when genes are expressed and is also used in DNA replication. Non-coding regions of DNA between genes are the satellite DNA, this is a simple base sequence repeated many times. We will write a custom essay sample on Using DNA in Science and Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s not all non-coding DNA though, the coding parts of the DNA are known as exons. Science and technology is used for genetic diversity, selective breeding is used especially in farming for livestock. Selective breeding means artificial selection means the controlled breeding of animals or plants by humans so only individuals with specific characteristics can reproduce. Farmers use this technique to get the best quality cattle and produce from the animals they have. To get the best animal possible, for example a milk cow, the farmer will select the best cows from the heard to breed from, these may be the ones with the largest udders or biggest milk yield, he will then breed from this animal, and the F1 offspring will be raised and used for milk. In the F1 generation he will do the same again, selecting the best cows from the generation, the F2 generation will have the most favourable characteristics and will have lost any of the unfavourable characteristics as they have been bread out of the stock. The farmer then has the most favourable genetic characteristics in his heard to breed from. However this has its downfalls, by choosing selective breeding you reduce the gene pool. Allele frequency is reduced and this leaves the heard vulnerable to contracting infections and diseases, they have lost their ability to adapt and produce immune reactions. When DNA of two species, one being radioactively labelled, are heated to separate the strands. The mixture is cooled to allow the complementary bases to form hydrogen bonds. Some of the strands formed will be hybrids. These hybrids will be extracted then heated, the higher the heat needed to separate the strands the more hydrogen bonds between the strands, therefore the more closely related the species are. This process is known as DNA hybridisation, it is used to determine species and how closely related they are. This is important as it allows us to determine how closely related species are and thus if they will be able to breed and have viable off spring. Genetic engineering is very important in allowing us to develop medical cures as well as for other uses, such as food production. Reverse transcriptase is the process of isolating a gene; the process will allow us to produce things such as insulin to help people suffering from diabetes. Retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) hold information in the form of RNA, using an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, it catalyses the production of DNA from RNA. A cell that produces the protein is selected, for example the beta cells from the islets of Langerhans in the human pancreas. These cells have large quantities of the relevant mRNA, this is therefore extracted. Reverse transcriptase is then used to make DNA from RNA. This DNA is known as complimentary DNA because it is made of the nucleotides that are complimentary to the mRNA. To make another strand of DNA, the enzyme DNA polymerase is used to build up the complimentary nucleotides on the cDNA template. This double strand is the required gene, in this case human insulin. Scientists can produce this to make injections to give to sufferers of diabetes. All organisms use defensive measures against invaders, bacteria are often invaded by viruses that inject their DNA into them and take over the sell. Some bacteria produce enzymes that cut up the viral DNA. One process produces blunt ends and other produces sticky ends. Each type of restriction endonuclease cuts a double DNA strand at a specific sequence of bases, known as the recognition sequence. When this occurs between two opposite base pairs it leaves blunt ends. The other method produces sticky ends; the staggered ends leave parts of the DNA unpaired and therefore available to form new bonds. The restriction endonuclease identifies the recognition sequence and cuts the DNA, however instead of cutting in a straight line the cut is staggered leaving bases unpaired. The nucleotides on the end are complimentary to the ones on the other side because they used to pair. If the same restriction endonuclease is used to cut DNA, then all the fragments produced will have ends that are complimentary, this means the single stranded end of a fragment can bond with the single stranded end of another fragment. Once the sticky ends have paired up an enzyme known as DNA ligase is used to join the two fragments together. A vector is a carrier DNA molecule into which the desired gene can be inserted. Usually, the vector is a plasmid. This is a small, circular piece of DNA often found in bacteria in addition to their functional DNA. The plasmids are modified so that they have two or more genes for resistance to antibiotics. They should also contain a sequence that can be recognized by the same restriction enzyme used to cut the fragments. The site that is cut should be in one of the genes for antibiotic resistance. Cut the genome with restriction endonuclease and mix with the plasmid that has also been cut with the same enzyme so that the sticky ends of the fragments and the plasmid are complementary. Hopefully, some fragments will insert into the plasmid DNA before either segment joins with itself. The fragments are added to the plasmids with different outcomes. One is the plasmid rejoins, or the fragment joins with plasmid but the fragment does not contain the desired gene. Alternatively the fragment joins with plasmid, however this time the fragment does contain the desired gene or finally it is unsuccessful and the fragment joins with itself. Some plasmids will now contain the recombinant DNA fragment, other plasmids; however will not contain a fragment. If the plasmids are recombinants then one of the antibiotic resistance genes will have been disrupted. However, the other gene for antibiotic resistance will still be intact. Add this mixture of recombinant and non-recombinant plasmids to bacteria. Some will take up the plasmids if they are in calcium chloride solution. The bacteria are transferred to a plate containing the antibiotic ampicillin. Those bacteria that have taken up any plasmid will be resistant to the antibiotic so will survive and form colonies. These bacteria will include recombinant and non-recombinant plasmids. These colonies are then replicated onto plates containing the antibiotic tetracycline. Those bacteria with recombinant plasmids will not survive because the fragment has disrupted the gene for resistance. The method can be used to create antibiotic resistance. Recombinant DNA